The internal anal sphincter consists of smooth muscle and maintains 70% of the resting anal tone. The external anal sphincter consists of striated muscle and accounts for the remaining 30% of resting ...
Anal sphincter defects are a common cause of faecal incontinence, with obstetric injuries in female patients accounting for the majority. [15] The results from previous studies [4,5] show that early ...
The upper esophageal sphincter (UES) closure muscles include the cervical esophagus, cricopharyngeus, and inferior pharyngeal constrictor, but primarily the cricopharyngeus. The main functions of UES ...
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